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《一本小小的红色写作书》原则 13 3使用平行句式

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用一致、平行的形式表达连串事物。

写作中的平行,是指一句话中相似的部分应当使用相同的方式表达,从而使句子表达更加清晰有力。注意下列句子的平行形式:“高校企业创造、资助、推广了这个神奇的新工具。(The high school entrepreneur created, financed, and marketed the new miracle tool.)”非平行形式:“高校企业参与了这个神奇的新工具的创造,确保了它的融资,并花费时间使产品投放市场。(The high school entrepreneur was involved in the creation of a new miracle tool, secured financing for it, and spent time getting the product to market.)”

试着领会前美国总统约翰·F.肯尼迪名言中的平行结构:

让每个国家都知道——不论它希望我们繁荣还是希望我们衰落——为确保自由的存在和自由的胜利,我们将付出任何代价、承受任何负担、应付任何艰难、支持任何朋友、反抗任何敌人。

(Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.)

注意☞观察所有的动词如何保持平行。另外,再思考《圣经》著名章节中的排比:

虚心的人有福了,因为天国是他们的。哀恸的人有福了,因为他们必得安慰。温柔的人有福了,因为他们必承受地土。饥渴慕义的人有福了,因为他们必得饱足。

(Blessed are the poor in spirit:for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.Blessed are they that mourn:for they shall be comforted.Blessed are the meek:for they shall inherit the earth.Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness:for they shall be filled.)

任何性质的词都可以使用平行结构,最常见的是动词、介词和连词。平行也可能出现在a, an, the等冠词上。

在罗列一连串事物时,使用平行结构要严格遵照原则,即要么每项前面的词都重复,要么只重复第一项前面的词。因此,对第二项串联事物的处理,决定了其后所有串联项的形式。

例1

原句 米格尔去了智利、秘鲁,去了厄瓜多尔。

(Miguel went to Chile, Peru, and to Ecuador.)

正确 米格尔去了智利、去了秘鲁、去了厄瓜多尔。

(Miguel went to Chile, to Peru, and to Ecuador.)

正确 米格尔去了智利、秘鲁、厄瓜多尔。

(Miguel went to Chile, Peru, and Ecuador.)

例2

原句 她喜欢太阳、沙滩和去海边。

(She likes sun, sand, and going to the sea.)

正确 她喜欢太阳、沙滩和海边。

(She likes the sun, the sand, and the sea.)

正确 她喜欢太阳、沙滩和海边。

(She likes the sun, sand and sea.)4

例3

原句 决定采取军事行动前,首相会见过军方人员、咨询最亲信的顾问,还研究过最近的民意调查结果。

(The prime minister had met with military personnel, listened to his closest advisors, and had studied a recent poll result before deciding on military action.)

正确 决定采取军事行动前,首相会见过军方人员、咨询过最亲信的顾问,还研究过最近的民意调查结果。

(The prime minister had met with military personnel, had listened to his closest advisors, and had studied a recent poll result before deciding on military action.)

正确 决定采取军事行动前,首相会见过军方人员、咨询过最亲信的顾问,还研究过最近的民意调查结果。

(The prime minister had met with military personnel, listened to his closest advisors, and studied a recent poll result before deciding on military action.)5

练习1

用平行结构重写下列句子。参考答案见第138页。

1.尽管中了彩票,这对老夫妻说他们只计划花钱买一台新拖拉机、新炉子和一个新门廊。

(Despite winning the lottery, the elderly couple said they planned to spend money only on a new tractor, new stove, and a new porch.)

2.奥林匹克志愿者们做好准备、完全有能力、下定决心圆满完成任务。

(Olympic volunteers were ready, filly able, and were quite determined to do a great job.)

3.这个纪录片很有趣,充满各种相关信息。

(The documentary was interesting and replete with pertinent information.)

4.韦恩·格罗斯基深受队友喜爱,国家冰球联盟的粉丝都很尊敬他。

(Wayne Gretsky was well-liked by his teammates and National Hockey League fans respected him.)

5.学生可以登陆脸书,花时间阅读邮件,浏览一些博文,然后开心地发推特。

(Students can log onto Facebook, spend time reading email messages, review some blog posts, and then tweet with joy.)

6.基金经理的理论基于股票行情、债券行情,基于其他主要经济指标。

(The fund manager based his theory on stock performance, bond performance, and on other leading economic indicators.)

7.这位舞者教她的替补演员如何走位、着装,如何与编舞者和摄影师合作。

(The dancer taught her understudy how to move, to dress, how to work with choreographers and deal with photographers.)

8.正如优秀律师的好建议能够帮助赢得诉讼案件一样,一场体育比赛也能因为优秀教练的好建议而取胜。

(Just as the sound advice of a good lawyer can help win a court case so too can a sports match be won by the sound advice of a good coach.)

9.佛教认为,恐惧、愤怒的感觉和不必要的欲望导致痛苦。消除恐惧、愤怒的感觉和不必要的欲望,你就能消除痛苦。

(According to the Buddhist mantra, fearfulness, feelings of anger, and needless desire lead to suffering. Eliminate fearfulness, feeling of anger, and needless desire and you eliminate suffering.)

10.我对即将进行的弹劾表示反对,首先是这件事情的个人性,其次它是盲目的。

(My objections regarding the pending impeachment are, first, the personal nature of the matter, second, that it is partisan.)

省略表达

当句子去掉某些词仍然能保证语意清楚时,也会涉及表达的平行形式。在平行句式中使用动词、介词和连词时,可能会出现三种棘手的情况。就动词(或动词形式)和介词而言,第二个动词或介词如果与第一个相同,可以省略。检查平行结构是否有误,只需完成句子的每个含义成分,确保句子的每个部分都能够独立。例如,句子“The speech was informative and funny.(演讲内容丰富有趣)”不必写作“The speech was informative and was funny.”因为第二个动词“was”与第一个动词相同,不需写出。

动词

原句 在我最喜欢的日本料理店,刺身很棒,饮料很贵。

(In my favorite Japanese restaurant, the sushi is excellent and the drinks expensive.)

改正 在我最喜欢的日本料理店,刺身很棒,饮料很贵。

(In my favorite Japanese restaurant, the sushi is excellent and the drinks are expensive.)6

解说☞句子第二部分的动词与句子第一部分用的动词不一样,因此必须写出来。

介词

原句 约翰对高尔夫很感兴趣但不太擅长。

(John is interested but not very good at golf.)

改正 约翰对高尔夫很感兴趣但不太擅长。

(John is interested in but not very good at golf.)7

解说☞句子第二部分的介词与句子第一部分用的介词不一样,因此必须写出来。

关联词

关联词包括“或者……或者……”“既不……也不……”“不仅……而且……”“既……又……”。如果动词放在关联词前半部分的前面,则动词不需重复;如果动词放在关联词前半部分的后面,那么它也要放在关联词后半部分的后面。

原句 她不仅喜欢沙滩排球还喜欢滑雪。

(She not only likes beach volleyball but also snow skiing.)

改正 她不仅喜欢沙滩排球还喜欢滑雪。

(She likes not only beach volleyball but also snow skiing.)

改正 她不仅喜欢沙滩排球还喜欢滑雪。

(She not only likes beach volleyball but also likes snow skiing.)8

注意☞上面第一种改正用法更为普遍。

练习2

运用平行结构重写下列句子。参考答案见第140页。

1.这幅画可以用水彩或油墨绘成。

(The painting may be done with watercolors or oils.)

2.塔斯马尼亚一直以来都是岛屿,未来还会是。

(Tasmania has and always will be an island.)

3.谁不会为这一事实感兴趣和震惊——100万秒以前就是11.5天前;10亿秒以前就是31年前;一万亿秒以前就是310个世纪或31千年前!

(Who is not interested and astounded by this fact?A million seconds ago was 11. 5 days ago;a billion seconds ago was 31 years ago;a trillion seconds ago was 310 centuries ago or 31 millennia ago!)

4.按摩为你的身体和心理创造放松、疗愈和修复的体验。

(Massage creates a relaxing, therapeutic, and rejuvenating experience both for your body and your well-being.)

5.萨曼莎对笔迹分析着迷,但不太精通。

(Samantha is intrigued but not very proficient at handwriting analysis.)

6.一位优秀科学家的思考不仅要有逻辑性,还要有创造性。

(A good scientist not only thinks logically but also creatively.)

7.布莱恩不愿意询问也不愿意听取任何建议。

(Brian will not ask or listen to any advice.)

8.我们要么忘记自己的计划,要么接受他们的提议。

(Either we forget our plans or accept their proposal.)

9.许多年轻从业人员面临两难问题:工作是为了金钱还是乐趣?

(A dilemma facing many young professionals is whether to work for money or work for enjoyment.)

10.一个人既不应该向好友说谎,也不应该因自视甚高而不告诉他们实情。

(Neither should one lie to good friends nor be so patronizing as to not to tell them the truth.)

写作一部分是科学,一部分是艺术。需要建构且遵循规则的部分是科学,可以根据每种情境进行变化的部分是艺术。