01 最早的科学文献
1.Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld, The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta (Cambridge University Press, 1938), 33.
2.Robert Parker, On Greek Religion (Cornell University Press, 2011), xi, 6.
3.Malcolm Williams, Science and Social Science: An Introduction (Taylor & Francis, 2002), 10.
4.Francesca Rochberg, The Heavenly Writing: Divination, Horoscopy, and Astronomy in Mesopotamian Culture (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 226.
5.Aristotle, Metaphysics 1.3, in Readings in Ancient Greek Philosophy: From Thales to Aristotle, 4th ed., ed.S.Marc Cohen, Patricia Curd, and C.D.C.Reeve (Hackett, 2011), 2.
6.Plato, Protagoras, trans.Benjamin Jowett (Serenity, 2009), 25.
7.Plinio Prioreschi, A History of Medicine, vol.1, Primitive and Ancient Medicine, 2nd ed.(Horatius Press, 1996), 42.
8.Hippocrates, “On the Sacred Disease,” in The Corpus: Hippocratic Writings (Kaplan, 2008), 99.
9.Lawrence I.Conrad et al., The Western Medical Tradition: 800 B.C.–1800 A.D. (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 23–25; Pausanius, Pausanias’s Description of Greece, trans.J.G.Frazer (Macmillan, 1898), 3: 250; Hippocrates, On Airs, Waters, and Places, in Corpus, 117.
02 人类所不可及
1.Lawrence I.Conrad et al., The Western Medical Tradition: 800 B.C.–1800 A.D. (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 23; Hippocrates, On Ancient Medicine, trans.Mark J.Schiefsky (Brill, 2005), 32.
2.Gerard Naddaf, The Greek Concept of Nature (SUNY Press, 1995), 1–2.
3.Aristotle, Physics, trans.Robin Waterfield, Oxford World’s Classics (Oxford University Press, 1999), xi; Naddaf, Greek Concept of Nature, 7, 65–66; Aristotle, The Metaphysics, trans.William David Ross, in The Works of Aristotle (Franklin Library, 1982), 3: 175.
4.Simplicius, Commentary on the Physics 28.4-15, quoted in Jonathan Barnes, Early Greek Philosophy, rev.ed (Penguin, 2002), 202; Aristotle, On Democritus, frag.203, quoted in Barnes, Early Greek Philosophy, 206–7.
5.Steven Weinberg, Dreams of a Final Theory: The Scientist’s Search for the Ultimate Laws of Nature (Vintage, 1994), 7–8; see also Chapter 27, “The Triumph of the Big Bang.”
6.C.C.W.Taylor, The Atomists: Leucippus and Democritus, Fragments (University of Toronto Press, 1999), 214–15.
7.Naddaf, Greek Concept of Nature, 9.
8.George Sarton, A History of Science: Ancient Science through the Golden Age of Greece (Harvard University Press, 1964), 421–24; Benjamin Jowett, The Dialogues of Plato in Four Volumes (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1892), 2: 458–59.
9.Plato, The Dialogues of Plato, trans.Benjamin Jowett (Hearst’s International Library, 1914), 4: 463.
10.Plato, Plato’s Timaeus: Translation, Glossary, Appendices, and Introductory Essay, trans.Peter Kalkavage (Focus, 2001), 60–61.
03 变化
1.George Sarton, A History of Science: Ancient Science through the Golden Age of Greece (Harvard University Press, 1964), 423.
2.Jennifer Vonk and Todd K.Shackelford, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology (Oxford University Press, 2012), 42.
3.Sarton, History of Science, 539; Jonathan Barnes, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 123–26.
04 沙粒
1.Malcolm Williams, Science and Social Science: An Introduction (Taylor & Francis, 2002), 11; Lewis Wolpert, The Unnatural Nature of Science (Harvard University Press, 1992), 35–36; Keith Devlin, The Language of Mathematics: Making the Invisible Visible (W.H.Freeman, 2000), 20.
2.Kenneth S.Guthrie and David R.Fideler, The Pythagorean Sourcebook and Library: An Anthology of Ancient Writings Which Relate to Pythagoras and Pythagorean Philosophy (Phanes Press, 1987), 58.
3.Richard Mankiewicz, The Story of Mathematics (Princeton University Press, 2000), 24.
4.Guthrie and Fideler, Pythagorean Sourcebook, 60; Mankiewicz, Story of Mathematics, 24, 26; Devlin, Language of Mathematics, 21.
5.Scholium to Euclid’s Elements, quoted in Richard J.Trudeau, The Non-Euclidean Revolution (Birkhäuser, 1987), 103.
6.Plato, The Republic: The Complete and Unabridged Jowett Translation (Vintage, 1991), 265, 279, 281.
7.Margaret J.Osler, Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 13–14.
8.Plato, Republic, 280.
9.Guthrie and Fideler, Pythagorean Sourcebook, 178; Carl Huffman, Archytas of Tarentum: Pythagorean, Philosopher and Mathematician King (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 303–4; Aristotle, Politics, trans.Ernest Barker, Oxford World’s Classics (Oxford University Press, 1988), 311.
10.Devlin, Language of Mathematics, 300.
11.Euclid, The Thirteen Books of the Elements, 2nd ed., trans.Thomas L.Heath (Cambridge University Press, 1908), 1.
12.Vitruvius Pollio, Vitruvius: The Ten Books on Architecture, trans.M.H.Morgan (Dover, 1960), 254; Mary Jaeger, Archimedes and the Roman Imagination (University of Michigan Press, 2008), 19.
13.Keith Kendig, Sink or Float: Thought Problems in Math and Physics (Mathematical Association of Virginia, 2008), 67.
14.Archimedes, “The Sand-Reckoner,” in The Works of Archimedes, trans.Thomas.L.Heath (Cambridge University Press, 1897), 221–22.
15.Alan W.Hirshfeld, Parallax: The Race to Measure the Cosmos (Birkhäuser, 2000), 12, 14–15.
16.George Coyne and Michael Heller, A Comprehensible Universe (Springer, 2008), 22–24; Charles Seife, Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea (Viking, 2000), pp.51–52.
05 真空
1.C.C.W.Taylor, The Atomists: Leucippus and Democritus, Fragments (University of Toronto Press, 1999), 60.
2.Epicurus, “Letter to Herodotus,” in Letters and Sayings of Epicurus, trans.Odysseus Makridis (Barnes & Noble, 2005), 3–6.
3.Anthony Gottlieb, The Dream of Reason: A History of Philosophy from the Greeks to the Renaissance (W.W.Norton, 2000), 290, 303.
4.George Sarton, A History of Science: Ancient Science through the Golden Age of Greece (Harvard University Press, 1964), 495; Lucretius, On the Nature of the Universe, trans.Ronald Melville (Oxford University Press, 1997), xvii.
5.Lucretius, On the Nature of the Universe, rev.sub.ed., trans.Ronald E.Latham (Penguin Classics, 1994), 13–14.
6.Titus Lucretius Carus, On the Nature of Things, trans.John Selby Watson (Henry G.Bohn, 1851), 96.
06 地心说
1.K.P.Moesgaard, “Astronomy,” in Companion Encyclopedia of the History & Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences, ed.I.Grattan-Guinness (Routledge, 1994), 241–42; Margaret J.Osler, Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 16.
2.Norriss S.Hetherington, Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives (CRC Press, 1993), 74–76.
3.Osler, Reconfiguring the World, 15.
4.C.M.Linton, From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy (Cambridge University Press, 2008), 48.
5.H.Floris Cohen, How Modern Science Came into the World: Four Civilizations, One 17th-Century Breakthrough (Amsterdam University Press, 2010), 53.
6.Moesgaard, “Astronomy,” 243–45; Cohen, How Modern Science Came, 56.
7.David C.Lindberg, The Beginnings of Western Science, 2nd ed.(University of Chicago Press, 2007), 249.
8.Olaf Pedersen, A Survey of the Almagest, rev.ed.(Springer, 2011), 19; Linton, From Eudoxus to Einstein, 117; Albert van Helden, Measuring the Universe: Cosmic Dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley (University of Chicago Press, 1985), 171.
9.Lynn Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science (Columbia University Press, 1941), 5: 332.
07 古代最后一位天文学家
1.H.Floris Cohen, How Modern Science Came into the World: Four Civilizations, One 17th-Century Breakthrough (Amsterdam University Press, 2010), 106.
2.“Preface,” in De revolutionibus, quoted in Thomas S.Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought (Harvard University Press, 1957), 137.
3.Jack Repcheck, Copernicus’ Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began (Simon & Schuster, 2007), 48.
4.Nicolaus Copernicus, Three Copernican Treatises, trans.Edward Rosen (Dover, 1959), 57.
5.Ibid., 58–59.
6.Kuhn, Copernican Revolution, 140.
7.Cohen, How Modern Science Came, 106; C.M.Linton, From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy (Cambridge University Press, 2008), 121, 126.
8.Maurice A.Finocchiaro, Defending Copernicus and Galileo: Critical Reasoning in the Two Affairs (Springer, 2010), xiv.
9.Quoted in Linton, From Eudoxus to Einstein, 126–27.
10.Wim Verbaal, Yanick Maes, and Jan Papy, eds., Latinitas perennis, vol.1, The Continuity of Latin Literature (Brill, 2007), 133; Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, trans.Charles Glenn Wallis (Prometheus Books, 1995), 6.
11.Copernicus, On the Revolutions, 18.
08 新提议
1.Tycho Brahe, quoted in Joshua Gilder and Anne-Lee Gilder, Heavenly Intrigue: Johannes Kepler, Tycho Brahe, and the Murder behind One of History’s Greatest Scientific Discoveries (Random House, 2004), 81.
2.Catherine Drinker Bowen, Francis Bacon: The Temper of a Man (Little, Brown, 1963), 100–102.
3.Brian Vickers, ed., Francis Bacon: The Major Works (Oxford University Press, 2002), xviii.
4.Francis Bacon, The Philosophical Works of Francis Bacon in Five Volumes, ed.James Spedding (Longman, 1861), 4: 65.
5.Ibid., 81.
6.Jennifer Mensch, Kant’s Organicism: Epigenesis and the Development of Critical Philosophy (University of Chicago Press, 2013), 147.
7.Bowen, Francis Bacon, 187.
8.Abraham Cowley and Thomas Sprat, The Works of Mr.Abraham Cow-ley: Consisting of Those Which Were Formerly Printed, and Those Which He Design’d for the Press, Now Published Out of the Authors Original Copies (London: Printed by J.M.for Henry Herringman, 1668), 39–40.
9.Macvey Napier, Lord Bacon and Sir Walter Raleigh (Macmillan, 1853), 18.
09 论证
1.D’Arcy Power, Masters of Medicine: William Harvey (T.Fisher Unwin, 1897), 49, 58.
2.Effie Bendann, Death Customs: An Analytical Study of Burial Rites (Routledge, 2010), 48–49; James Longrigg, Greek Rational Medicine: Philosophy and Medicine from Alcmaeon to the Alexandrians (Routledge, 1993), 184–85.
3.Roy Porter, The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine (Cambridge University Press, 1988), 75, 157; Lawrence I.Conrad et al., The Western Medical Tradition: 800 B.C.–1800 A.D. (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 147.
4.Charles Singer and C.Rabin, A Prelude to Modern Science (Cambridge University Press, 1946), xxxiii; Conrad et al., Western Medical Tradition, 275–77; Charles Donald O’Malley, Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564 (University of California Press, 1964), 117.
5.Andreas Vesalius, On the Fabric of the Human Body.Book VI, The Heart and Associated Organs.Book VII, The Brain: A Translation of De humani corporis fabicra libri septem, trans.William Frank Richardson and John Burd Carman (Norman, 2009), 83.
6.Power, Masters of Medicine, 55–56.
7.Robert C.Olby et al., eds., Companion to the History of Modern Science (Routledge, 1990), 569–70; Lois N.Magner, A History of the Life Sciences, 3rd ed.(Marcel Dekker, 2002), 83.
8.Magner, History of the Life Sciences, 91; Power, Masters of Medicine, 149.
9.John G.Simmons, Doctors and Discoveries: Lives That Created Today’s Medicine (Houghton Mifflin, 2002), 48.
10.Catherine Drinker Bowen, Francis Bacon: The Temper of a Man (Little, Brown, 1963), 14.
11.Power, Masters of Medicine, 231.
10 亚里士多德之死
1.Giorgio de Santillana, The Crime of Galileo (University of Chicago Press, 1955), 3.
2.John Joseph Fahie, Galileo: His Life and Work (J.Murray, 1903), 27.
3.Stillman Drake, Galileo at Work: His Scientific Biography (Dover, 1978), 2, 473.
4.Ibid., 21–22.
5.Galileo Galilei, Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican, trans.Stillman Drake, ed.Stephen Jay Gould (Modern Library, 2001), 125.
6.David Leverington, Babylon to Voyager and Beyond: A History of Planetary Astronomy (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 70.
7.William Cecil Dampier and Margaret Dampier, eds., Cambridge Readings in the Literature of Science; Being Extracts from the Writings of Men of Science to Illustrate the Development of Scientific Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1928), 15.
8.Maurice A.Finocchiaro, Defending Copernicus and Galileo: Critical Reasoning in the Two Affairs (Springer, 2010), xv; Dampier and Dampier, Cambridge Readings, 26–27, 30; Leverington, Babylon to Voyager, 83.
9.David Deming, Science and Technology in World History (McFarland, 2010), 3: 165.
10.Galilei, Dialogue, 130–31.
11.Galileo Galilei and Maurice A.Finocchiaro, The Essential Galileo (Hackett, 2008), 146.
12.Ibid., 147.
13.Galilei, Dialogue, xvi, 5, 538.
14.Deming, Science and Technology, 177–78.
11 仪器和工具
1.Thomas Birch, “The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle,” in Robert Boyle, The Philosophical Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle in Six Volumes (J.& F.Rivington, 1772), 1: xxiv.
2.Robert Boyle, “A Free Inquiry into the Vulgar Notion of Nature,” in The Philosophical Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle (W.& J.Innys, 1725), 2: 115.
3.Untitled column, Journal of the Optical Society of America and Review of Scientific Instruments 6, no.6 (August 1922): 835–36; Matteo Valleriani, Galileo Engineer (Springer, 2010), 56–57.
4.Marie Boas Hall, Robert Boyle and Seventeenth-Century Chemistry (Cambridge University Press, 1958), 20.
5.Robert Boyle, The Sceptical Chymist (Dover, 2003), 15; Thomas L.Hankins and Robert J.Silverman, Instruments and the Imagination (Princeton University Press, 1995), 3.
6.Trevor H.Levere, Transforming Matter: A History of Chemistry from Alchemy to the Buckyball (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 14.
7.Birch, “Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle,” xxxiv.
8.Hall, Robert Boyle, 6; Charles Webster, ed., The Intellectual Revolution of the Seventeenth Century (Routledge, 2011), 236–37.
9.Edward Grant, A Source Book in Medieval Science (Harvard University Press, 1974), 324, 326.
10.Boyle, Philosophical Works (1772), 1: 11.
11.Boyle, Philosophical Works (1725), 2: 510–32; Boyle, Philosophical Works (1772), 1: 11–12.
12.James Riddick Partington, A Short History of Chemistry, 3rd ed.(Dover, 2011), 22–23.
13.Partington, Short History of Chemistry, 29, 36; Levere, Transforming Matter, 7–8.
14.Robert Boyle, A Free Enquiry into the Vulgarly Received Notion of Nature, ed.Edward B.Davis and Michael Hunter (Cambridge University Press, 1996), 114–15.
15.Boyle, Philosophical Works (1725), 3: 391.
16.Boyle, Sceptical Chymist, 17.
17.Michael Hunter, ed., Robert Boyle Reconsidered (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 61; Boyle, Sceptical Chymist, 3.
18.Hunter, Robert Boyle Reconsidered, 72.
19.Robert D.Purrington, The First Professional Scientist: Robert Hooke and the Royal Society of London (Birkhäuser, 2009), 34.
20.Margaret ’Espinasse, Robert Hooke (University of California Press, 1962), 43–44.
21.Thomas Birch, The History of the Royal Society of London (A.Millar, 1757), 3: 344–45.
22.David Freedberg, The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends and the Beginnings of Natural History (University of Chicago Press, 2002), 180.
23.Robert Hooke, “Preface,” in Micrographia (James Allestry, 1664).
24.Thomas Birch, The History of the Royal Society of London (A.Millar, 1756), 1: 215ff.
25.Ibid., 262.
26.Hooke, Micrographia, Observation 9.
27.Ibid., Preface.
28.Lawrence Principe, “In Retrospect: The Sceptical Chymist,” Nature 469 (January 6, 2011): 30.
12 推论之规则
1.Thomas Birch, The History of the Royal Society of London (A.Millar, 1756), 2: 501.
2.Thomas Birch, The History of the Royal Society of London (A.Millar, 1757), 3: 1, 10.
3.Ibid., 5, 14, 50.
4.Ibid., 269; Charles Hutton, George Shaw, and Richard Pearson, The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (C.& R.Baldwin, 1809), 2: 341; Adrian Johns, “Reading and Experiment in the Early Royal Society,” in Reading, Society, and Politics in Early Modern England, ed.Kevin Sharpe and Stephen Zwicker (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 260–61.
5.Peter Machamer, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Galileo (Cambridge University Press, 1998), 153–54.
6.I.Bernard Cohen, Revolution in Science (Harvard University Press, 1985), 163–70.
7.Ron Larson and Bruce Edwards, Calculus (Cengage Learning, 2013), 42.
8.James L.Axtell, “Locke, Newton and the Two Cultures,” in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed.John W.Yolton (Cambridge University Press, 1969), 166–68.
9.Barry Gower, Scientific Method: A Historical and Philosophical Introduction (Routledge, 1997), 69.
10.Isaac Newton, The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, trans.I.Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman (University of California Press, 1999), 942.
11.Ibid., 943.
13 地质学的起源
1.James Oliver Thomson, History of Ancient Geography (Biblo & Tannen, 1965), 124ff, 342–43; Duane W.Roller, ed.and trans., Eratosthenes’ Geography (Princeton University Press, 2010), 161, 263–64.
2.Gian Battista Vai and W.G.E.Caldwell, eds., The Origins of Geology in Italy (Geological Society of America, 2006), 158; Gary D.Rosenberg, The Revolution in Geology from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment (Geological Society of America, 2010), 143–44.
3.Charles R.Van Hise, “The Problems of Geology,” Journal of Geology 12, no.7 (1904): 589–91.
4.G.Brent Dalrymple, The Age of the Earth (Stanford University Press, 1991), 21; James Ussher, Annals of the World (E.Tyler, 1658), 17.
5.William H.Stiebing, Ancient Astronauts, Cosmic Collisions and Other Popular Theories (Prometheus Books, 1984), 5.
6.Rosenberg, Revolution in Geology, 144–45.
7.Isaac Newton, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, trans.Andrew Motte (Daniel Adee, 1848), 486.
8.Dalrymple, Age of the Earth, 28–29.
9.Benoît de Maillet, Telliamed, or, The World Explain’d (W.Pechin, 1797), 194–95; Dalrymple, Age of the Earth, 25–29.
10.John R.Gribbin, The Scientists: A History of Science Told through the Lives of Its Greatest Inventors (Random House, 2003), 221–23.
11.Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Natural History, General and Particular, 2nd ed., trans.William Smellie (W.Strahan and T.Cadell, 1785), 1: 1.
12.William Whiston, A New Theory of the Earth, from Its Original, to the Consummation of All Things, 5th ed.(John Whiston, 1737), 373; David Spadafora, The Idea of Progress in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Yale University Press, 1990), 112–13.
13.Buffon, Natural History, 1: 33–34.
14.Dalrymple, Age of the Earth, 29–30.
15.Jacques Roger, Buffon: A Life in Natural History, trans.Sarah Lucille Bonnefoi (Cornell University Press, 1997), 187–93.
16.Buffon, Natural History, 1: 258.
17.Henry Gee, In Search of Deep Time: Beyond the Fossil Record to a New History of Life (Cornell University Press, 2001), 2–4.
14 新科学的法则
1.Dennis R.Dean, James Hutton and the History of Geology (Cornell University Press, 1992), 1–3; John Playfair, The Works of John Playfair, Esq. (Archibald Constable, 1822), 4: 43–44.
2.Playfair, Works, 46.
3.Gian Battista Vai and W.G.E.Caldwell, eds., The Origins of Geology in Italy (Geological Society of America, 2006), 59–61: Martin J.S.Rudwick, Bursting the Limits of Time: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution (University of Chicago Press, 2005), 135.
4.Playfair, Works, 12.
5.Ibid., 49–50.
6.Dean, James Hutton, 17, 24–25.
7.Charles R.Van Hise, “The Problems of Geology,” Journal of Geology 12, no.7 (1904): 614–15.
8.James Hutton, “Theory of the Earth,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1 (1788): 301.
9.Ibid., 304.
10.Playfair, Works, 63–64.
11.Dean, James Hutton, 18, 154.
12.Ibid., 18; J.E.O’Rourke, “A Comparison of James Hutton’s Principles of Knowledge and Theory of the Earth,” Isis 69, no.1 (March 1978): 19.
13.Jack Repcheck, The Man Who Found Time: James Hutton and the Discovery of Earth’s Antiquity (Perseus, 2003), 160–61.
14.Martin J.S.Rudwick, The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Palaeontology, 2nd ed.(University of Chicago Press, 1985), 104; Claudine Cohen, The Fate of the Mammoth: Fossils, Myth, and History, trans.William Rodarmor (University of Chicago Press, 2002), 106–8; John Reader, Missing Links: In Search of Human Origins (Oxford University Press, 2011), 45.
15.Martin J.S.Rudwick, Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes: New Translations & Interpretations of the Primary Texts (University of Chicago Press, 1997), 21; C.L.E.Lewis and S.J.Knell, The Making of the Geological Society of London (Geological Society Publishing House, 2009), 77–78.
16.Rudwick, Georges Cuvier, 23–24.
17.Ibid., 84–85; Reader, Missing Links, 49.
18.Rudwick, Georges Cuvier, 168.
19.Ibid., 190; Trevor Palmer, Perilous Planet Earth: Catastrophes and Catastrophism through the Ages (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 30.
20.Rudwick, Georges Cuvier, 248.
15 一个漫长而渐进的历史
1.William Buckland, Vindiciae geologicae: or, The Connexion of Geology with Religion Explained (Oxford University Press, 1820), 24.
2.Charles Lyell, Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, Bart., ed.Katharine M.Lyell (John Murray, 1881), 1: 63; J.M.I.Klaver, Geology and Religious Sentiment: The Effect of Geological Discoveries on English Society and Literature between 1829–1859 (Brill, 1997), 19.
3.Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology, ed.James A.Secord (Penguin, 1997), 3, 6; Klaver, Geology and Religious Sentiment, 21–22.
4.Lyell, Life, Letters, and Journals, 186–87; Klaver, Geology and Religious Sentiment, 22, 26.
5.Lyell, Life, Letters, and Journals, 234–35.
6.Ibid., 262.
7.Michael Ruse, The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw, 2nd ed.(University of Chicago Press, 1999), 17ff; Lyell, Principles of Geology, 240–42.
8.Alfred Russel Wallace, The Wonderful Century: The Age of New Ideas in Science and Invention (Swan Sonnenschein, 1903), 349.
9.Walter Alvarez, T.rex and the Crater of Doom (Princeton University Press, 2008), 51.
16 无解的问题
1.Charles Lyell, Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, Bart., ed.Katharine M.Lyell (John Murray, 1881), 1: 269, 270.
2.Untitled column, Exeter Flying Post, October 3, 1844.
3.G.Brent Dalrymple, The Age of the Earth (Stanford University Press, 1991), 32–33.
4.Ibid., 69–71; LaVerne Tolley Gurley and William J.Callaway, Introduction to Radiologic Technology, 7th ed.(Mosby, 2011), 58–62; Kristin Iverson, Full Body Burden (Crown, 2012), 173.
5.Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Transformations (Yale University Press, 1906), 190–91, 194.
6.Don L.Eicher and Arcie Lee McAlester, The History of the Earth (Prentice-Hall, 1980), xvi; Cherry Lewis, The Dating Game: One Man’s Search for the Age of the Earth (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 27.
7.Arthur Holmes, The Age of the Earth (London: Harper Brothers, 1913), 17.
8.Lawrence Badash, “The Age-of-the-Earth Debate,” Scientific American 261, no.2 (August 1989): 96.
9.Holmes, Age of the Earth, 21, 22.
10.Ibid., 11, 164, 166.
11.Ernest Rutherford, James Chadwick, and Charles Drummond Ellis, Radiations from Radioactive Substances (Cambridge University Press, 1930), 536.
12.Holmes, Age of the Earth, 173.
17 伟大理论的复兴
1.Naomi Oreskes, The Rejection of Continental Drift: Theory and Method in American Earth Science (Oxford University Press, 1999), 10, 16–17.
2.Edmund A.Mathez and James D.Webster, The Earth Machine: The Science of a Dynamic Planet (Columbia University Press, 2004), 87.
3.Oreskes, Rejection of Continental Drift, 27, 33.
4.Alfred Wegener, “The Origin of Continents and Oceans,” Living Age, 8th series, vol.26 (April/May/June 1922): 657–58; Mathez and Webster, Earth Machine, 87.
5.Oreskes, Rejection of Continental Drift, 157; H.E.Le Grand, Drifting Continents and Shifting Theories (Cambridge University Press, 1988), 65.
6.Alfred Wegener, The Origin of Continents and Oceans, trans.John Biram (Dover, 1966), viii.
7.Wegener, “Origin of Continents and Oceans,” 658.
8.Wegener, Origin of Continents and Oceans, 217.
9.David M.Lawrence, Upheaval from the Abyss: Ocean Floor Mapping and the Earth Science Revolution (Rutgers University Press, 2002), 17–18.
10.Mathez and Webster, Earth Machine, 90–91.
18 大灾难归来
1.Victor R.Baker, “The Spokane Flood Debates: Historical Background and Philosophical Perspective,” in History of Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology, ed.R.H.Grapes, D.R.Oldroyd, and A.Grigelis (Geological Society of London, 2008), 33, 36–37.
2.John Eliot Allen, Marjorie Burns, and Scott Burns, Cataclysms on the Columbia: The Great Missoula Floods, 2nd rev.ed.(Ooligan Press, 2009), 56.
3.Baker, “Spokane Flood Debates,” 47.
4.Allen, Burns, and Burns, Cataclysms on the Columbia, 71–72.
5.Timothy Ferris, “It Came from Outer Space,” New York Times, May 25, 1997, https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/25/reviews/970525.25ferrist.html; Walter Alvarez, T.rex and the Crater of Doom (Princeton University Press, 2008), 45, 53.
6.Janine Bourriau, Understanding Catastrophe: Its Impact on Life on Earth (Cambridge University Press, 1992), 29.
7.Alvarez, T.rex, 42.
8.Luis W.Alvarez et al., “Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction,” Science 208, no.4448 (June 6, 1980): 1095.
9.Alvarez, T.rex, 81–82.
10.Ibid., 12–14.
11.Ibid., ix.
12.Bourriau, Understanding Catastrophe, 5.
19 生物学
1.John Cassell, Cassell’s History of England (Cassell, Petter, Galpin, 1884), 5: 9; Georges Cuvier, “Biographical Memoir of M.de Lamarck,” Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 20 (October 1835–April 1836): 8.
2.Martin J.S.Rudwick, Bursting the Limits of Time: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution (University of Chicago Press, 2005), 390.
3.M.J.S.Hodge, “Lamarck’s Science of Living Bodies,” British Journal for the History of Science 5, no.4 (December 1971): 325.
4.André Klarsfeld and Frédéric Revah, The Biology of Death: Origins of Mortality, trans.Lydia Brady (Cornell University Press, 2004), 7.
5.J.B.Lamarck, Zoological Philosophy: An Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals, trans.Hugh Elliot (Macmillan, 1914), 51, 202.
6.Ibid., 2.
7.Ibid., 12, 41, 46.
8.Ibid., 38–39, 60, 175–76; Ernst Mayr, “Lamarck Revisited,” Journal of the History of Biology 5, no.1 (Spring 1972): 60–61.
9.Robert J.Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior (University of Chicago Press, 1987), 63.
10.A.S.Packard, Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution: His Life and Work (Longmans, Green, 1901), 56–58, 70.
20 自然选择
1.J.B.Lamarck, Zoological Philosophy: An Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals, trans.Hugh Elliot (Macmillan, 1914), 35, 176.
2.Richard A.Richards, The Species Problem: A Philosophical Analysis (Cambridge University Press, 2010), 31; Aristotle, The History of Animals, trans.Richard Cresswell (Henry G.Bohn, 1862), I.1, sec.6–8.
3.Monroe W.Strickberger, Evolution, 3rd ed.(Jones & Bartlett, 2000), 9.
4.Ibid.
5.Ernst Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance (Harvard University Press, 1982), 257–58.
6.Ibid., 394–96; Charles Darwin, Charles Darwin: His Life Told in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters, ed.Francis Darwin (John Murray, 1908), 20.
7.Charles Darwin, Charles Darwin’s Beagle Diary, ed.R.D.Keynes (Cambridge University Press, 2001), 16.
8.Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species (Wordsworth Classics, 1998), 36; Mayr, Growth of Biological Thought, 265–66.
9.Frank N.Egerton III, “Darwin’s Early Reading of Lamarck,” Isis 67, no.3 (September 1976): 453.
10.C.R.Darwin, Notebook B: ［Transmutation of Species (1837–1838)］ CULDAR121 (transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker), Darwin Online, https://darwin-online.org.uk, accessed May 2014.
11.Darwin, His Life Told, 52; Darwin, Origin of Species, 186; Charles Darwin, On Evolution: The Development of the Theory of Natural Selection, ed.Thomas F.Glick and David Kohn (Hackett, 1996), 83.
12.T.R.Malthus, Population: The First Essay (University of Michigan Press, 1959), 4, 6.
13.Darwin, His Life Told, 82.
14.Alfred Russel Wallace, Infinite Tropics: An Alfred Russel Wallace Anthology, ed.Andrew Berry (Verso, 2002), 51.
15.Darwin, His Life Told, 82 ; Mayr, Growth of Biological Thought, 423.
16.Mayr, Growth of Biological Thought, 423–24.
17.Darwin, His Life Told, 42, 46.
18.Untitled column, Annual Register of World Events: A Review of the Year 113 (1872): 368.
21 遗传性特征
1.Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species (Wordsworth Classics, 1998), 13.
2.Charles Darwin, The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (D.Appleton, 1897), 2: 371; P.Kyle Stanford, Exceeding Our Grasp: Science, History, and the Problem of Unconceived Alternatives (Oxford University Press, 2006), 65.
3.Michael R.Rose, Darwin’s Spectre: Evolutionary Biology in the Modern World (Princeton University Press, 1998), 33; Peter Atkins, Galileo’s Finger: The Ten Great Ideas of Science (Oxford University Press, 2004), 45–46.
4.Gregor Mendel, Experiments in Plant Hybridisation (Cosimo Classics, 2008), 15, 21ff, 47.
5.Atkins, Galileo’s Finger, 48–49; Alain F.Corcos and Floyd V.Monaghan, Gregor Mendel’s Experiments on Plant Hybrids: A Guided Study (Rutgers University Press, 1993), 28–30.
6.J.A.Moore, Heredity and Development, 2nd ed.(Oxford University Press, 1972), 29, 45; Atkins, Galileo’s Finger, 52–55.
7.Rose, Darwin’s Spectre, 41.
8.Moore, Heredity and Development, 74.
22 综合论
1.David Paul Crook, Darwinism, War and History: The Debate over the Biology of War from the“Origin of Species” to the First World War (Cambridge University Press, 1994), 1, 15; Raymond Pearl, “Biology and War,” Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 8, no.11 (June 4, 1918): 355.
2.Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (D.Appleton, 1899), 1: 326, 328; Edwin Scott Gaustad and Mark A.Noll, eds., A Documentary History of Religion in America since 1877, 3rd ed.(Wm.B.Eerdmans, 2003), 350.
3.Jan Sapp, Genesis: The Evolution of Biology (Oxford University Press, 2003), 63; Ernst Mayr and William B.Provine, The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology (Harvard University Press, 1998), 3, 8–9.
4.Mayr and Provine, Evolutionary Synthesis, 8, 282, 315, 316.
5.T.H.Huxley and Leonard Huxley, Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley (D.Appleton, 1900), 1: 391.
6.Krishna R.Dronamraju, If I Am to Be Remembered: The Life and Work of Julian Huxley with Selected Correspondence (World Scientific, 1993), 5, 9–12, 15.
7.Ibid., 42.
8.Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis, Unifying Biology: The Evolutionary Synthesis and Evolutionary Biology (Princeton University Press, 1996), 140.
9.Calendar entry (“Association for the Study of Systematics in Relation to General Biology”), Nature, July 24, 1937, 164.
10.John Krige and Dominique Pestre, eds., Science in the Twentieth Century (Routledge, 2013), 422.
11.Julian Huxley, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis, definitive ed.(MIT Press, 2010), 22, 26–28.
12.Ibid., 3, 6–7.
23 生命的秘密
1.James D.Watson, The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA (Scribner, 1993), 197; Daniel D.Chiras, Human Biology (Jones & Bartlett, 2013), 357; John C.Kotz, Paul M.Treichel, and John Townsend, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity (Cengage Learning, 2009), 392; Peter Atkins, Galileo’s Finger: The Ten Great Ideas of Science (Oxford University Press, 2004), 62.
2.Robert Hooke, Micrographia (James Allestry, 1664), Observation 18; Robert C.Olby et al., eds., Companion to the History of Modern Science (Routledge, 1990), 358–59.
3.Olby et al., Companion to the History, 359; Theodor Schwann, Microscopical Researches into the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants, trans.Henry Smith (Sydenham Society, 1847), 242.
4.J.Craig Venter, Life at the Speed of Light: From the Double Helix to the Dawn of Digital Life (Viking, 2013), 13; G.P.Talwar and L.M.Srivastava, eds., Textbook of Biochemistry and Human Biology, 3rd ed.(Prentice-Hall of India, 2003), xxiv.
5.Joseph Needham, ed., The Chemistry of Life: Eight Lectures on the History of Biochemistry (Cambridge University Press, 1970), 17–18.
6.Paul O.P.Ts’o, ed., Basic Principles in Nucleic Acid Chemistry (Academic Press, 1974), 1: 2; Rudolf Hausmann, To Grasp the Essence of Life: A History of Molecular Biology (Kluwer Academic, 2002), 42.
7.Ts’o, Basic Principles, 8.
8.David Bainbridge, The X in Sex: How the X Chromosome Controls Our Lives (Harvard University Press, 2003), 5.
9.Eric C.R.Reeve, ed., Encyclopedia of Genetics (Routledge, 2014), 7.
10.Israel Rosenfield, Edward Ziff, and Borin Van Loon, DNA: A Graphic Guide to the Molecule That Shook the World (Columbia University Press, 2011), 3.
11.Isidore Epstein, ed., Hebrew-English Edition of the Babylonian Talmud: Yebamoth (Soncino Press, 1984), 48.
12.Hermann Joseph Muller, The Modern Concept of Nature (SUNY Press, 1973), 36, 132; Hausmann, To Grasp the Essence of Life, 56.
13.William Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 7th ed.(Sinauer Associates, 2004), 107, 114, 234; Reeve, Encyclopedia of Genetics, 10; Hausmann, To Grasp the Essence of Life, 48.
14.Hausmann, To Grasp the Essence of Life, 103–4.
15.Ibid., 63–66.
16.Watson, Double Helix, 33–35.
17.Ibid., 14–15.
18.Ibid., 20, 50.
19.Ibid., 174, 220.
20.Colin Tudge, Engineer in the Garden (Random House, 1993), e-book, chap.2 subheading“How Does DNA Work?”.
21.Francis Crick, What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery (Basic Books, 2008), 108–9.
24 生物学与命运
1.Albert Rosenfeld, “The New Man: What Will He Be Like?”Life 59, no.14 (October 1, 1965): 100.
2.Michael Ruse and Joseph Travis, eds., Evolution: The First Four Billion Years (Harvard University Press, 2009), 579–81; Paul S.Agutter and Denys N.Wheatley, Thinking about Life: The History and Philosophy of Biology and Other Sciences (Springer, 2008), 194.
3.John H.Gillespie, Population Genetics: A Concise Guide, 2nd ed.(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), xi.
4.Pierre-Henri Gouyon, Jean-Pierre Henry, and Jacques Arnold, Gene Avatars: The Neo-Darwinian Theory of Evolution (Kluwer, 2002), 98.
5.Connie Barlow, ed., From Gaia to Selfish Genes: Selected Writings in the Life Sciences (MIT Press, 1992), 156.
6.Gouyon, Henry, and Arnold, Gene Avatars, 159–60; Barlow, From Gaia to Selfish Genes, 156–57.
7.Steven A.Frank, “The Price Equation, Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem, Kin Selection, and Causal Analysis,” Evolution 51, no.6 (August 1997): 1713; Kalyanmoy Deb, ed., Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (Springer, 2004), 915; Karthik Panchanathan, “George Price, the Price Equation, and Cultural Group Selection,” Evolution and Human Behavior 32, no.5 (September 2011): 369, 371.
8.Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford University Press, 1976), 1; Barlow, From Gaia to Selfish Genes, 195.
9.Matt Ridley, The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature (Harper Perennial, 2003), 9; Alan Grafen and Mark Ridley, eds., Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think (Oxford University Press, 2007), 7.
10.Edward O.Wilson, Letters to a Young Scientist (Liveright, 2013), 83–85.
11.Barlow, From Gaia to Selfish Genes, 158.
12.Edward O.Wilson, The Social Conquest of Earth (W.W.Norton, 2012), 169; Barlow, From Gaia to Selfish Genes, 149–50.
13.Edward O.Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Harvard University Press, 1975), 3.
14.Ibid., 6.
15.Elizabeth Allen et al., “Against ‘Sociobiology, ’” New York Review of Books 22, no.18 (November 13, 1975), https://www.nybooks.com/articles/ archives/1975/nov/13/against-sociobiology.
16.Edward O.Wilson, On Human Nature (Harvard University Press, 2004), xvii.
17.Ibid., 2, 137, 188, 201.
18.Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, rev.and exp.ed.(W.W.Norton, 1996), 20–21.
19.Hans J.Eysenck, Intelligence: A New Look (Transaction, 2000), 10.
20.Stephen Jay Gould, The Richness of Life: The Essential Stephen Jay Gould, ed.Steven Rose (W.W.Norton, 2007), 446.
21.Ibid., 465–66.
25 相对论
1.Eric Voegelin, History of Political Ideas, vol.6, Revolution and the New Science (University of Missouri Press, 1998), 194–95; Nick Hugget, ed., Space from Zeno to Einstein: Classic Readings with a Contemporary Commentary (Bradford Books, 1999), 182; George Berkeley, De motu: Sive de motus principio & natura et de causa communicationis motuum, trans.A.A.Luce (Jacobi Tonson, 1721), sec.66.
2.Isaac Newton, Newton: Philosophical Writings, ed.Andrew Janiak (University of Cambridge Press, 2004), 100–101.
3.Ioan James, Remarkable Physicists: From Galileo to Yukawa (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 69; Charles Coulston Gillispie, Pierre-Simon Laplace, 1749–1827: A Life in Exact Science (Princeton University Press, 2000), 273.
4.Edward Harrison, Cosmology: The Science of the Universe, 2nd ed.(Cambridge University Press, 2000), 70.
5.Newton, Philosophical Writings, 94; Harrison, Cosmology, 60–61.
6.Harrison, Cosmology, 76; William Huggins, The Scientific Papers of Sir William Huggins (W.Wesley and Son, 1909), 221.
7.Eli Maor, To Infinity and Beyond: A Cultural History of the Infinite (Princeton University Press, 1991), 131.
8.Ian Stewart, In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World (Basic Books, 2012), 16–17; Jeremy Gray, Plato’s Ghost: The Modernist Transformation of Mathematics (Princeton University Press, 2008), 48.
9.Michio Kaku, Hyperspace: A Scientific Odyssey through Parallel Universes, Time Wars, and the 10th Dimension (Oxford University Press, 1994), 36.
10.Ibid., 338.
11.Peter Galison, Michael Gordin, and David Kaiser, eds., Science and Society: The History of Modern Physical Science in the Twentieth Century (Routledge, 2001), 216.
12.Albert Einstein, Relativity: The Special and General Theory, trans.Robert W.Lawson (Pi Press, 2005), 19.
13.Ibid., 25, 28.
14.Galison, Gordin, and Kaiser, Science and Society, 223; Jay M.Pasachoff and Alex Filippenko, The Cosmos: Astronomy in the New Millennium, 4th ed.(Cambridge University Press, 2014), 239–40, 271–72.
15.Pasachoff and Filippenko, Cosmos, 240, 274; Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld, The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta (Cambridge University Press, 1938), 310; Maor, To Infinity and Beyond, 133.
26 讨厌的量子跃迁
1.Albert Einstein, quoted in Franco Selleri, Quantum Paradoxes and Physical Reality: Fundamental Theories of Physics (Kluwer Academic, 1990), 363.
2.Theodore Arabatzis, Representing Electrons: A Biographical Approach to Theoretical Entities (University of Chicago Press, 2006), 56, 61–62; Max Planck, The Origin and Development of the Quantum Theory, trans.H.T.Clarke and L.Silberstein (Clarendon Press, 1922), 5.
3.John S.Rigden, Einstein 1905: The Standard of Greatness (Harvard University Press, 2005), 68–69.
4.Bernard Fernandez, Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus: A Sixty-Year Journey, 1896–1956, trans.Georges Ripka (Springer, 2013), 57–58.
5.Ibid., 58.
6.Ibid., 73; Ernest Rutherford, The Collected Papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson (Interscience, 1963), 2: 212.
7.Vern Ostdiek and Donald Bord, Inquiry into Physics (Cengage Learning, 2007), 316–17.
8.Bruce Rosenblum and Fred Kuttner, Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness, 2nd ed.(Oxford University Press, 2011), 59–60; M.S.Longair, Theoretical Concepts in Physics: An Alternative View of Theoretical Reasoning in Physics, 2nd ed.(Cambridge University Press, 2003), 339.
9.Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld, The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta (Cambridge University Press, 1938), 251.
10.Longair, Theoretical Concepts in Physics, 381–83; Einstein and Infeld, Evolution of Physics, 267.
11.Planck, Origin and Development, 12.
12.Walter J.Moore, A Life of Erwin Schrödinger (University of Cambridge Press, 1994), 163; John Gribbin, Erwin Schrödinger and the Quantum Revolution (John Wiley & Sons, 2013), 110.
13.T.J.Rice, Joyce, Chaos, and Complexity (University of Illinois Press, 1997), 152–53.
14.Einstein and Infeld, Evolution of Physics, 273–74.
15.Erwin Schrödinger, “The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics,” trans.John D.Trimmer, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, November 29, 1935, 328.
16.Gribbin, Erwin Schrödinger, 133.
17.Walter J.Moore, Schrödinger: Life and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1992), 404.
27 宇宙大爆炸的胜利
1.Robert Bless, Discovering the Cosmos (University Science Books, 1996), 527; Jeffrey Crelinsten, Einstein’s Jury: The Race to Test Relativity (Princeton University Press, 2006), 48, 177–78; John Earman, Michel Janssen, and J.D.Norton, eds., The Attraction of Gravitation: New Studies in the History of General Relativity (Center for Einstein Studies, 1993), 161–63.
2.Robert William Smith, The Expanding Universe: Astronomy’s“Great Debate,” 1900–1931 (Cambridge University Press, 1982), 112–13; Jay M.Pasachoff and Alex Filippenko, The Cosmos: Astronomy in the New Millennium, 4th ed.(Cambridge University Press, 2014), 414; David Levy, ed., The Scientific American Book of the Cosmos (St.Martin’s Press, 2000), 60.
3.Levy, Scientific American Book, 100; Giora Shaviv, The Synthesis of the Elements: The Astrophysical Quest for Nucleosynthesis and What It Can Tell Us about the Universe (Springer, 2012), 211–13.
4.Pasachoff and Filippenko, Cosmos, 416; William McCrea, “Astronomical Achievements Out of This Galaxy,” New Scientist 98, no.1354 (April 21, 1983): 174.
5.Edwin Hubble, The Realm of the Nebulae (Yale University Press, 1982), 21; Michio Kaku, Einstein’s Cosmos: How Albert Einstein’s Vision Transformed Our Understanding of Space and Time (W.W.Norton, 2004), 209.
6.Kenneth R.Lang, Astrophysical Formulae, vol.2, Space, Time, Matter and Cosmology, 3rd ed.(Springer, 2006), 107.
7.Hubble, Realm of the Nebulae, 122.
8.Ibid., 201–2.
9.Kaku, Einstein’s Cosmos, 123–35; Helge Kragh, Cosmology and Controversy: The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe (Princeton University Press, 1996), 29–31; David Topper, How Einstein Created Relativity Out of Physics and Astronomy (Springer, 2012), 168.
10.Kragh, Cosmology and Controversy, 34; Topper, How Einstein Created Relativity, 174.
11.Robert M.Wald, General Relativity (University of Chicago Press, 1984),
12.Harlow Shapley, ed., Source Book in Astronomy, 1900–1950 (Harvard University Press, 1960), 363.
13.Milton K.Munitz, ed., Theories of the Universe: From Babylonian Myth to Modern Science (Free Press, 1957), 425.The quote is actually from Hoyle’s 1950 popularization of his 1948 scientific paper.
14.Simon Mitton, Fred Hoyle: A Life in Science (Cambridge University Press, 2011), 128–29.
15.Topper, How Einstein Created Relativity, 180.
16.Mitton, Fred Hoyle, 116; Ralph A.Alpher and Robert Herman, “‘Big-Bang’ Cosmology and Cosmic Blackbody Radiation,” in Modern Cosmology in Retrospect, ed.B.Bertotti et al.(Cambridge University Press, 1990), 147.
17.Charles Seife, Alpha and Omega: The Search for the Beginning and End of the Universe (Penguin, 2004), 47; N.Mandolesi and N.Vittorio, eds., The Cosmic Microwave Background: 25 Years Later (Kluwer Academic, 1990), 20–24.
18.Bertotti et al., Modern Cosmology in Retrospect, 344.
19.Frank Durham and Robert D.Purrington, Frame of the Universe (Columbia University Press, 1983), 208.
20.Elizabeth Leane, Reading Popular Physics: Disciplinary Skirmishes and Textual Strategies (Ashgate, 2007), 35.
21.Steven Weinberg, The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe, 2nd ed.(Basic Books, 1993), 8, 149.
22.Ibid., 153.
23.Leane, Reading Popular Physics, 18; Weinberg, First Three Minutes, 154–55.
28 蝴蝶效应
1.Pierre-Simon Laplace, quoted in Leonard Smith, Chaos: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2007), 2.
2.H.R.Shaw, Craters, Cosmos, and Chronicles: A New Theory of Earth (Stanford University Press, 1995), 387; William E.Doll et al., eds., Chaos, Complexity, Curriculum, and Culture: A Conversation (Peter Lang, 2008), 135–37, 154.
3.Doll et al., Chaos, Complexity, 154–55.
4.Danette Paul, “Spreading Chaos: The Role of Popularizations in the Diffusion of Scientific Ideas,” Written Communication 21, no.1 (January 2004): 37–38; Doll et al., Chaos, Complexity, 155.
5.Doll et al., Chaos, Complexity, 155.